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Sudapet owns 5 percent of Block 5A, also purchased in 1997. OMV of Austria owned 26.125 percent, which it purchased in 1997, and sold this interest out to ONGC Videsh Ltd. Petronas owned 28.5 percent, which it purchased in 1997, and with the purchase of Lundin's interest owns 68.875 percent of Block 5A. Lundin (through its subsidiary International Petroleum Corp.) owned 40.375 percent, which it sold to Petronas of Malaysia. Civilian displacement started in the mid-1980s.īlock 5A: Lundin Oil AB, a Swedish company, was lead partner in the consortium that owned Block 5A, immediately to the south of Blocks 4 and 1 in Western Upper Nile, until 2003. It also includes El Toor, Toma South, El Nar, Talih, and Munga oil fields, and the more recently explored Timsa and Bamboo oilfields in Block 4. This concession in Western Upper Nile includes the Unity and Heglig oilfields, the oldest producing oilfields in southern Sudan. of Canada (25 percent, from 1998 until 2002, when it sold its interest to ONGC Videsh Ltd.) China National Petroleum Company (CNPC) (40 percent since 1996), Petronas Nasional Berhad of Malaysia (Petronas) (30 percent since 1996), and Sudan's state-owned Sudapet Limited (5 percent since 1996). Map D: Ethnic Geography In Western Upper Nileīlocks 1, 2, and 4: Greater Nile Petroleum Operating Company (GNPOC) owns the concession to explore and develop these blocks, the 1,540 kilometer pipeline to the Red Sea, and the port at Masra El Bashair, the last two built and completed by GNPOC in 1999. Map C: OIL ACTIVITY AND THE SCENE OF WAR IN WESTERN UPPER NILE, AS OF OCTOBER 31, 2002 MAP B: OIL CONCESSIONS IN CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN SUDAN AS OF AUGUST 2002 Any views expressed are solely those of the author or publisher and do not necessarily reflect those of UNHCR, the United Nations or its Member States. UNHCR is not responsible for, nor does it necessarily endorse, its content. Commanding officers of the SPLM/A have taken no steps to investigate or punish these crimes.
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The regular SPLM/A forces have carried out serious human rights abuses, including summary execution of captured combatants. The report also covers the SPLM/A's role in the struggle over oilfields. Oil company executives turned a blind eye to well-reported government attacks on civilian targets, including aerial bombing of hospitals, churches, relief operations and schools. The report provides evidence of the complicity of oil companies in the human rights abuses. In addition to its regular army, the government has deployed militant Islamist militias to prosecute the war, and has armed southern factions in a policy of ethnic manipulation and destabilization. The report documents how the government has used the roads, bridges and airfields built by the oil companies as a means for it to launch attacks on civilians in the southern oil region of Western Upper Nile (also known as Unity state). This 754-page report is the most comprehensive examination yet published of the links between natural-resource exploitation and human rights abuses. This report investigates the role that oil has played in Sudan's civil war. Human Rights Watch, Sudan, Oil, and Human Rights, 25 November 2003, 1564322912, available at: